By Mark Shaffer
The Arizona Republic
Dec. 22, 2001

EAGAR - Nedra LeSuer fondly remembers life in the 1950s in Round Valley before the first television sets arrived.

People drank their cows' milk, butchered their cattle and chickens for meat and raised and canned vegetables from large gardens. The kids made ice cream using snow and ran around outside from sunup to sundown.

Everyone was oblivious to the mushroom clouds of more than 100 atomic blasts 400 miles away in the desert north of Las Vegas and the prevailing winds moving radiation their way.

But they did notice that many young adults raised in the area were developing an array of cancers. Many died decades before their time. Half of the 33 graduates from the Round Valley High School Class of 1953 have had the disease, LeSuer said. Her breast cancer was diagnosed in 1999.

"We all used to joke that it must be something in the cheese," Eagar resident Floyce Sloan said. "I guess we weren't too far off."

Now, nearly 50 years later, Round Valley residents and others in five northern Arizona counties finally are starting to receive compensation from the federal government for their pain and suffering.

Why it took so long to receive the $50,000 checks is a story of the government's initial ignorance of the dangers of radiation, ponderous scientific studies, an extended court case that eventually went to the U.S. Supreme Court and how news just doesn't travel very fast to residents of rural areas.

The National Cancer Institute finally said in a report four years ago that fallout from the nuclear testing was far greater than had been acknowledged by the federal government and that there could have been as many as 75,000 cases of thyroid cancer among those exposed.

In 1979, a Holbrook woman named Vonda McKinney filed suit against the federal government - she eventually was joined by nearly 1,200 plaintiffs - contending that radiation fallout from the atomic-weapons tests from 1951 to 1962 caused numerous deaths and cases of cancer.

But after nine years, including a lower court ruling that the then-Atomic Energy Commission was negligent in not monitoring fallout and warning people living downwind, the Supreme Court upheld another lower court ruling that the victims could not recover damages.

Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, continued to push the issue, however, and the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act was passed in 1990. But that act didn't receive much publicity outside of downwinders in southern Utah who lived closest to the Nevada test site, 75 miles northwest of Las Vegas .

Congress updated the legislation in July 2000 and specified that residents of Coconino, Yavapai, Apache, Navajo and Gila counties and their immediate families were eligible for the benefits.

LeSuer, who said she had $80,000 in medical bills for her cancer treatment, said she knew nothing about the compensation act, which also applies to uranium miners in northeastern Arizona, until seeing a notice on a bulletin board at a drugstore in neighboring Springerville.

Charles Miller, a spokesman at the U.S. Department of Justice in Washington , D.C. , said 758 claims, totaling $50.3 million, have been awarded in Arizona since 1992. Miller said that he didn't know how many unresolved claims remained from Arizona alone but that there are 3,008 pending claims from Arizona , Utah and Nevada and from workers in the uranium industry throughout the West.

To be eligible, people must prove that they, or an immediate family member, lived within the five-county area for two years between 1951 and 1959, or during July 1962, and had internal cancer or leukemia.

That includes many people in Round Valley , whose homes for part of the year also were downwind from the closer Trinity test site near Alamogordo , N.M.

"We were getting a big dose from both directions," said Karen Madrid, whose husband, Gary Joe Madrid, a Round Valley area rancher, died of colon cancer at age 56 in 1996.

It helped contribute to the death of dozens of unsuspecting people, such as former Eagar Mayor George Peņa, who died of brain cancer two years ago at age 61.

Peņa's widow, Gladys, said tearfully that she had received a benefit check Oct. 1 for her husband, who worked in the forestry industry for 39 years, but that it did little to relieve the financial problems and emotional heartbreak.

"It wasn't diagnosed early on, and he didn't have a chance," she said.

Preston Truman, head of the Utah Downwinders Association, said the government hasn't allocated nearly enough money to pay victims in the area designated for benefits, nor has it designated a large enough area.

"It's like Mohave County, in the studies done, was determined to be No. 8 on the list of counties receiving the most fallout, yet the people there are not included for benefits," said Truman, who added that his earliest memory as a child was going to a ridge line at his family's ranch north of St. George, Utah, and watching the bright flashes on the horizon of the nuclear testing 100 miles away.

Truman said he developed lymphoma at 15 in the late 1960s.

"The other thing is where do you draw the line on a geographical area? There was one example on April 25, 1953 , when there was a thunderstorm in the Troy-Albany area of New York and the radiation was being measured in the same dosage coming down as in the test-site area," Truman said.

Lile Stratton of Eagar is testing the limits of how close to the Valley the government will pay benefits.

Stratton said her late husband, who died three years ago of cancer that started in his bladder, was working in road construction in southern Yavapai County, near Cordes Junction, in 1962, a year in which the United States tested 98 nuclear devices in Nevada and at other test sites, according to the Department of Energy.

"I filed in June but they said there wasn't enough proof. So, I went to the union he was a member of to get records of where he was working," Stratton said. "I'm confident they will come through on this from the communication I've had with them."

Myrna Sherwood, 66, lived on a ranch north of Eagar for years and lost her grandmother to cancer. She was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1990. She said she fears for the future while looking at the past.

"I raised five kids on the ranch and was here all the time from 1951 until 1962," Sherwood said. "It makes me worried, very worried."

Reach the reporter at mark.shaffer@arizonarepublic.com or (602) 444-8057.  

 
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